Ideal Fermi Gas

We talk about basics for an ideal Fermi gas.

Fermi-Dirac distribution

The particles in an atom trap are isolated from the surroundings, thus the atom number $N$ and total energy content $E_{\rm {tot}}$ of the atomic cloud is fixed. However, it is convenient to consider the system to be in contact with a reservoir, with which it can exchange particles and energy (grand canonical ensemble). For non-interacting particles with single-particle energies $\epsilon _{i}$, the average occupation of state $i$ is

$f(\epsilon _{i},\mu ,T)={\frac {1}{e^{(\epsilon _{i}-\mu )/kT}+1}}\,.$

These is the Fermi-Dirac distribution. For a fixed number of particles $N$ one chooses the chemical potential Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} such that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N=\sum_i f(\epsilon_i, \mu, T)} .

Fermi Energy

A very direct consequence of the Fermi - Dirac distribution is the existence of Fermi energy Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E_F} , defined as the energy of the highest occupied state of the non-interacting Fermi gas at $T=0$. In this case, the FD distribution takes the simple form, we have the simplified Fermi-Dirac distribution

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(\vec{r},\vec{p},T) = \frac{1}{e^{(\frac{\vec{p}^2}{2m} + V(\vec{r}) - \mu)/k_B T} + 1} \stackrel{T \rightarrow 0} \rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} 1, & \hbox{$\frac{\vec{p}^2}{2m} + V(\vec{r}) < \mu$} \\ 0, & \hbox{$\frac{\vec{p}^2}{2m} + V(\vec{r}) > \mu$} \\ \end{array} \right. }

The (globally) largest momentum is Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p_F \equiv \hbar k_F \equiv \sqrt{2 m E_F}} , the Fermi momentum. The Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E_F} can be readily calculated from atom number conservation. Locally, at position ${\vec {r}}$ in the trap, it is Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p_F(\vec{r}) \equiv \hbar k_F(\vec{r}) \equiv \sqrt{2 m \epsilon_F(\vec{r})} \equiv \hbar (6\pi^2 n_F(\vec{r}))^{1/3}} with the local Fermi energy Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon_F(\vec{r})} which equals Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu(\vec{r},T=0) = E_F - V(\vec{r})} . The value of $E_{F}$ is fixed by the number of fermions Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N} , occupying the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N} lowest energy states of the trap.

Thermodynamic properties

We can calculate thermodynamic properties with the distribution.

Trapped Fermi Gas

Free space Fermi gas

As a simple demonstration of all the definition defined above, we firstly demonstrate the case $V({\vec {r}})=0$.

Harmonically Trapped Fermi gas

A more realistic example in the experiments is the harmonically trapped Fermi gas. Applying these distributions to particles confined in a harmonic trap, with trapping potential

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V(\vec{r}) = \frac{1}{2} m (\omega_x^2 x^2 + \omega_y^2 y^2 + \omega_z^2 z^2) \,. }

We assume that the thermal energy Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k T \equiv 1/\beta} is much larger than the quantum mechanical level spacings $\hbar \omega _{x,y,z}$ (Thomas-Fermi approximation). In this case, the occupation of a phase space cell Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left\{\vec{r},\vec{p}\right\}} (which is the phase-space density times $h^3$) is given by

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(\vec{r},\vec{p}) = \frac{1}{e^{(\frac{\vec{p}^2}{2m} + V(\vec{r}) - \mu)/k T} + 1} \,. }

The density distribution of the thermal gas is

$n_{th}({\vec {r}})=-{\frac {1}{\lambda _{dB}^{3}}}\,{\rm {Li}}_{3/2}\left(-e^{\beta \left(\mu -V({\vec {r}})\right)}\right)\,.$

where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{2\pi \hbar^2}{m k_B T}}} is the de Broglie wavelength. Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\rm Li}_n(z)} is the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n^{th}} -order Polylogarithm, defined as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\rm Li}_n(z)\; \equiv\; \frac{1}{\pi^n} \int {\rm d}^{2n}r \frac{1}{e^{\vec{r}^2}/z - 1}\; \stackrel{n\ne 0}{=}\; \frac{1}{\Gamma(n)}\int_0^\infty {\rm d}q \frac{q^{n-1}}{e^q/z - 1} \,. }

where the first integral is over Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2n} dimensions, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{r}} is the radius vector in Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2n} dimensions, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} is any positive half-integer or zero and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Gamma(n)} is the Gamma-function. The Polylogarithm can be expressed as a sum Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\rm Li}_n(z) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{z^k}{k^n}} which is often used as the definition of the Polylogarithm. This expression is valid for all complex numbers Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z} where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |z|\le 1} . The definition given in the text is valid for all Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z\le l} .

Special cases: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\rm Li}_0(z) = \frac{1}{1/z - 1}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\rm Li_1}(z) = -\ln(1-z)} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(\vec{r},\vec{p})} can be written as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -{\rm Li}_0(- \exp[\beta(\mu-\frac{\vec{p}^2}{2m} - V(\vec{r}))])} . When integrating density distributions to obtain column densities, a useful formula is:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{-\infty}^\infty dx \;{\rm Li}_n(z\,e^{- x^2}) = \sqrt{\pi}\; {\rm Li}_{n+1/2}(z) \,. }

Limiting values: ${\rm {Li}}_{n}(z){\stackrel {z\ll 1}{\rightarrow }}z$ and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -{\rm Li}_n(-z) \stackrel{z\rightarrow\infty}{\rightarrow} \frac{1}{\Gamma(n+1)}\; \ln^n(z)} .}. Note that expression for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} is correct for any potential Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V(\vec{r})} . The constraint on the number of thermal particles is

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_{th} = \intpd\; r \; n_{th}(\vec{r}) \,. }

For a harmonic potential, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_{th} = - \left(\frac{k_B T}{\hbar \bar{\omega}}\right)^3 {\rm Li}_3(-\,e^{\beta\mu}) }

with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \bar{\omega} = (\omega_x \omega_y \omega_z)^{1/3}} the geometric mean of the trapping frequencies.

In the classical limit at high temperature, we recover the Maxwell-Boltzmann result of a gaussian distribution,

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_{cl}(\vec{r}) = \frac{N}{\pi^{3/2} \sigma_x \sigma_y \sigma_z} e^{- \sum_i x_i^2/\sigma_{x_i}^2} \qquad {\rm with} \; \sigma_{x,y,z}^2 = \frac{2 k_B T}{m \omega_{x,y,z}^2} \,. }

The regime of quantum degeneracy is reached when Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_{dB} \approx n ^{-1/3}} , or when the temperature Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T \approx T_{\rm deg}} . The degeneracy temperature $T_{\rm {deg}}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2mk_{B}}}n^{2/3}$ is around or below one Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu \rm K} for typical experimental conditions.

For {\bf bosons}, it is at this point that the ground state becomes macroscopically occupied and the condensate forms. For {\bf fermions}, the occupation of available phase space cells smoothly approaches unity without any sudden transition:

Accordingly, also the density profile changes smoothly from its gaussian form at high temperatures to its zero temperature shape:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array} n_F(\vec{r}) &=& \Intp{p} \, f(\vec{r},\vec{p}) \stackrel{T\rightarrow 0}{\rightarrow} \int_{\left|\vec{p}\right|< \sqrt{2m(\mu-V(\vec{r}))}} \frac{{\rm d}^3\vec{p}}{(2\pi\hbar)^3}\nonumber\\ &=& \frac{1}{6\pi^2} \left(\frac{2m}{\hbar^2}\right)^{3/2} \left(\mu - V(\vec{r})\right)^{3/2}. \end{array}}

In terms of local Fermi energy, For a harmonic trap, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array} N &=& \Int{r} \; n_F(\vec{r}) = \frac{1}{6} \left(\frac{E_F}{\hbar \bar{\omega}}\right)^3\nonumber\\ \Rightarrow E_F &=& \hbar \bar{\omega} (6 N)^{1/3} \end{array}}

and for the zero-temperature profile

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array} n_F(\vec{r}) &=& \frac{8}{\pi^2} \frac{N}{R_{Fx} R_{Fy} R_{Fz}} \; \left[\max \left(1 - \sum_i \frac{x_i^2}{R_{Fi}^2},0\right)\right]^{3/2} \end{array}}

with the Fermi radii Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R_{F{x,y,z}} = \sqrt{\frac{2 E_F}{m\omega_{x,y,z}^2}}} . The profile of the degenerate Fermi gas has a rather flat top compared to the gaussian profile of a thermal cloud, as the occupancy of available phase space cells saturates at unity.

At finite Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T \lesssim T_F} , we can understand the shape of the cloud by comparing Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k T} with the local Fermi energy Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon_F(\vec{r})} .

For the outer regions in the trap where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k T \gg \epsilon_F(\vec{r})} , the gas shows a classical (Boltzmann) density distribution Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n(\vec{r}) \propto e^{-\beta V(\vec{r})}} . In the inner part of the cloud where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_B T \ll \epsilon_F(\vec{r})} , the density is of the zero-temperature form Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n(\vec{r}) \propto (E_F - V(\vec{r}))^{3/2}} .

The Polylogarithm smoothly interpolates between the two regimes. We notice here the difficulty of thermometry for very cold Fermi clouds: Temperature only affects the far wings of the density distribution where the signal to noise ratio is poor. While for thermal clouds above $T_{F}$, the size of the cloud is a direct measure of temperature, for cold Fermi clouds one needs to extract the temperature from the shape of the distribution's wings. Note that the validity of the above derivation required the Fermi energy Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E_F} to be much larger than the level spacing Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hbar \omega_{x,y,z}} . For example, in very elongated traps, and for low atom numbers, one can have a situation where this condition is violated in the tightly confining radial dimensions.